Road estimation pdf

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Robert Sillas. F Azam Khan Ayon. Madan Gopal Reddy Manda. Sujoy Roy. Ehtisham Ul Haq Arshad. Harold Dean. Vandana Singh. All unit prices shown in the Guide include this allowance, including the equipment rates Table Payroll overhead costs of 10 percent are used in all rates in addition to the 6 percent profit and risk factor.

In accordance with Section The contract time must include an estimate of the winter shutdown time. If the midpoint of construction is computed, it should be based on the midpoint of work or the midpoint of estimated cash flow, not the midpoint of contract time.

Section Number. The Specifications are referred to by Section Numbers. The Section Numbers are further broken down by paragraphs with decimal points ie. All engineer's estimates for road construction, with the exception of allowances for quality control, are to be prepared as if construction is to be accomplished by a public works contract. Quality control policy for timber sales may change after Guide is published. These adjustments are mandatory and will be used for all timber sale contracts having specified road construction.

Note that some work items are not normally performed by a Timber Sale Purchaser but are subcontracted. No reduction should be made for these items, if the subcontractor is likely to pay Davis- Bacon wage rates. Reductions will be made for those situations where it is unlikely that D-B wages are paid.

Refer to FSH An example of this may be dust palliative treatments. Fuel Prices. Fuel costs can be quite variable over a period of time due to geopolitical conditions.

Equipment prices in this Guide may need to be adjusted by the estimator to compensate for these variations. Fuel price variations will have more effect on items that are equipment oriented such as excavation, than those that are material and labor oriented such as signs.

Section is for use on Capital Investment and 14i turnback contracts; costs are to be subsidiary to their associated pay items. Do not have a separate pay item for quality control. Please note that R-1's FSSS for Section outlines the frequency of sampling and testing and are mandatory for public works road contracts.

R-1 FSSS is required for timber sales which have aggregate surfacing, and does have some measurement and sampling requirements. Estimating procedures and unit costs for contractor QC are outlined in Section of this Guide. Estimator is reminded to stay current with policy regarding timber sale QC requirements.

Midpoint of Construction. The midpoint for construction for unit costs shown in the bid summary in this Guide is estimated to be April. Until further notice, no adjustments to unit costs for inflation will be calculated.

When local experience indicates unit costs are different than those shown in this Guide, local costs should be considered. Cost deviations from this Guide shall be documented and included in the project file. Small Quantity Adjustments. Estimates should consider all roads that are included in a contract package that are within a five mile radius as one project for the purposes of small quantity adjustments.

Therefore, small quantity factors should not be applied to individual road costs when the individual roads are part of a larger group of road projects in the same vicinity and part of the same contract.

Of particular concern, are projects where small quantities of aggregate are involved. Mobilization of equipment may outweigh the direct costs of the aggregate, short road construction projects also have a relatively high mobilization cost for transport of dozers and excavators.

On public works contracts, the contract should require the contractor to furnish and install all signs in accordance with the project sign plan. For 14i turnback and timber sale contracts, Regional policy FSM supplement may be revised which will require the furnishing and installation of regulatory and warning signs by the timber purchaser.

However, at the date of publishing, existing policy has not been revised. Current policy is that signs for closure devices gates, barricades, etc. Route markers are part of the road work and are furnished by the purchaser mile markers are also required road work signs.

Purchaser Engineering. Estimator should refer to specific C-provision requirements when estimating purchaser engineering costs. The principles, costs, etc. Costs estimates for road construction in these States should be adjusted by local equipment and material costs, applicable Davis-Bacon wage rates, and local labor rates. The costs in this Guide are oriented to activity in Idaho and Montana.

FP Specifications. Specifications may change and users of this guide should verify that the costs are associated with the correct type of work. Storm Water Permitting. EPA regulations require permits for road construction activity with more than 5 acres disturbance except in Montana where the disturbance is 1 acre, or rock pits and quarries. Timber sale road construction is exempt from the regulations, but rock pits or quarries for timber sale roads must be permitted.

Permits must be obtained by the contractor before construction begins. SPA permits issued by the Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks are required any project including the construction of new facilities or the modification, operation, and maintenance of an existing facility that may affect the natural existing shape and form of any stream or its banks or tributaries.

There is a 60 day review period. There is no application fee. Usually 30 to 60 day review period. The cost guide can be found on the internet at www. It will be updated whenever new data is available or as corrections are needed. The major up date will again be in February of each year. The sections are identified in bold print in the Table of Contents.

This will save on printing costs, make the cost guide available to anyone that wants it, and make the updates more timely. If you do not have access to a computer and the internet, you can request a copy from U. Forest Service, Region One, Engineering. This is a guide and not a cookbook. Estimators need to use judgement and knowledge of the specific project and local conditions when preparing cost estimates. The portion of Region 1 that lies in Idaho with the exception of that portion of Idaho county that lies south of the 46th parallel is in Area 1 Note: Area 1 has been expanded to two zones which is being defined by the distance from the Post Offices in Spokane, Pasco, Washington, and Lewiston, Idaho.

The portion of Region 1 that lies in Idaho County and south of the 46th parallel is in Zone 2 of Area 2. This includes most of the Nez Perce National Forest. Therefore all reference in this guide to Area 2 is for Zone 2 of that Area. Zone 1 lies in the southern part of Area 2 and is a 60 mile 97 kilometers wide strip following I, I, and part of I Contact the Regional Office for necessary data. The factors are based on the appropriate Davis Bacon wage rates with fringes and overhead loading for a mixed work force of equipment operators, laborers, and truck drivers.

Example No. For Timber Sale Contracts, the engineer's estimate must then be adjusted by the difference between Davis- Bacon and local wage rates to determine the Specified Road Cost Specified Road Construction Cost plus augmentation if any.

The following labor percentage ranges are typical and include equipment operator, truck drivers and laborers. The actual percentage selected should be documented. Use of percentages different than those indicated and the reason for the selection should also be documented.

Note that contract items items not normally accomplished by woods crews such as engineering and asphalt items are not to be reduced, if the subcontractor is expected to pay Davis-Bacon wage rates. For instructions, see the previous section of this guide, Engineer's Estimate. The final time estimate should not be made until all contract clauses are known, including applicable C clauses for timber sale contracts. Be sure to consider operating season limitations.

Project access and sequencing must also be considered. Except in unusual circumstances, the time estimate shall not exceed two 2 full construction seasons. This may require increasing the size of the crew and the amount of equipment used in the estimate.

In addition, this may require the adjustment of some cost items and contract clauses. Time estimates in excess of two full construction seasons shall be justified, documented, and approved by the Forest Engineer. The midpoint of construction for estimating purposes is the cost weighted average of incremental construction periods or construction items.

Midpoint may be determined by analyzing the project as a whole or by analyzing individual construction items or groups of related construction items.

Due to the requirements of the Federal Acquisition Regulations FAR's , it is essential that the midpoint be computed based on the midpoint of work or estimated cash flow, not the midpoint of contract time. FAR Contract time will continue to count through the winter season.

The remainder of this section contains two examples of determining the midpoint of construction followed by two forms. The first form may be used in calculating the midpoint of construction, and the second for use in determining the number of contract days.

There are construction days available in and 31 days available in for a total of days. Period specified in the T. Contract for the road construction.

Additional time needed between P. Total calendar days elapsed time allowed for completion of road Days construction Public Works contract. Additional time for expected excusable delays for P. This time will only be added to determine the road completion date in a Timber Sale C5.

The average project in the data base from which the information for this section was derived has two construction seasons; however, many are built in one season. Use 7. Additional allowances for moving in and out of specialized equipment rock crusher, paving equipment, etc. See Example 2 for details. Round off calculated cost to two or three significant figures see note above. There are no recent cost for this item at the present time.

Preliminary Survey. P-Line costs are generally dependent on survey standards, project access drive, walk, camp, etc , terrain, vegetation density and time schedule. Establishment of spike camps can add costs to a project, long walks or difficult vehicle access can also increase the survey costs.

Additional fieldwork may include items such as material and clearing classification, special site investigation, and stream flow estimates. The engineering firm will normally have a higher overhead cost because a business engaged in survey and design work usually has more office equipment, computers, etc.

The production for brushing is dependent upon density of stems and will vary with the requirements of the contract: Density of stems Miles per day Extra heavy 0. The production for traverse is dependent upon the precision of survey and number of points of intersection PI's per mile. This cost estimate is broken down according to the precision desired. It is, therefore, mandatory for the estimator to know the precision required before making the estimate.

The chaining difficulty is constant with the number of PI's per mile on which this cost guide will be based. For average conditions consider a production rate of a half mile per day of completed work. The production for levels is mainly dependent upon the precision of survey. Therefore, this cost guide is based on average production figures for a given precision. Cross sections are generally constant in production between 0.

The brushing for extra heavy and heavy brush are figured in the brushing estimate. Therefore, this item will consider the slope only.

Office Work: Checking Notes-office work. All notes need to be office checked for completeness. Traverse and level notes need office work in recording and computation for angles and elevation. There is no per diem allowance for this work. Materials Investigation and Testing: See Section or for unit costs. Corner search costs are highly variable, depending on terrain, access, and difficulty of finding evidence.

Additional allowance should be made for areas in rugged terrain, poor access, and heavy ground cover. Other Preliminary Surveys. Surveys with the total station equipment such as bridge sites or campgrounds, estimate using a two or three person survey crew. In addition, allow for travel expenses mileage, camp, motel, etc and the downloading and plotting of survey data at the office. Construction Staking and Survey Staking.

Average base prices should be multiplied by the following factors to determine cost estimate. Average project -- assume camp is within five miles of project and access is at the beginning of each job and each job is two miles in length. The cost of a mobile lab may be required for more complex projects. When more than one road project is included in a contract, the costs for Section should be prorated among the individual roads or road segments based on project size and the type of work included in each individual road project.

This cost is primarily associated with any contractor measurement that is required. For simplicity, it may be advisable to add this cost to Mobilization rather than spread it over several items.

This is due to the decrease in work efficiency and production on the part of the contractor and increased liabilities for public safety. Traffic volumes normally found on most Forest Service roads generally do not justify opening the road more than once during the work shift, and only if the road has significant traffic. If difficult construction work such as rock blasting or large culvert replacement is anticipated on existing roads, total road closure should be considered in the interest of public safety and cost savings.

All too often road openings are for the convenience of the Forest Service and have little bearing on public use, particularly during weekdays.

Payment for construction induced maintenance can be made in several ways, depending on the situation. CIM shall be included in and made a requirement of the contract, public works or timber sale. When CIM is required to support a specific construction activity, payment and the cost estimate should be subsidiary to that item. Hauling of aggregate or borrow are examples of this.

Maintenance associated with transport of right-of-way timber will be included in construction cost only for capital investment projects and only when timber becomes property of the contractor. If the CIM is required to support general construction access and traffic, CIM can be a subsidiary item to mobilization. If the amount of CIM is uncertain or likely to be variable, it may be advisable to estimate and make payment based on actual quantities under Section , Rental Equipment.

In all cases, appropriate Forest Service Supplemental Specifications to Section are required to define the work and indicate how payment will be included in the contract. Due to the possibility of 14i turnbacks, C5. Be sure to follow directions regarding commensurate shares when estimating and specifying this work.

The estimator should consider all measures used to provide this protection. Measures taken may be in areas that in the past have been considered "normal practice", i. Timing may impact costs, i.

Costs may be estimated directly under Section and shown on the Schedule of Items or may be incidental to other pay items. Some examples of cost item determination are: Section The purpose of the berm is for a reduction of erosion. Payment for this item may be subsidiary to other items or paid for under Section Section This is a specialized pay item and would not fall under other items of work. It should be used in the contract specifically as a soil erosion item, under Section This work is accomplished solely for the purpose of erosion control.

The cost of this work is directly related to Section This cost should not be considered under Section If the primary purpose of the windrow is slash disposal, this work should be priced under Section When all or part of this cost is exclusively for erosion control, it should be shown as a cost under Section For items not listed here or covered under other items, estimate by time, material and equipment. After calculating cost, determine labor percentage and make appropriate reductions for timber sales.

Cost of preparing storm water permit applications or turbidity permits for EPA or State agencies should be included in Section Estimate by Gravel Blanket C. CostGuide, Section consists of placing brush on the fill slope to reduce sediment erosion. Sediment Basin Scoop native material from stream bed below live water prior to installation of new CMP.

Placebrush and straw bales Estimate by on down-stream end of sediment basin. Should be constructed just prior to compaction. Not Equipment intended for permanent use. Estimate construction just prior to compaction, no additional allowance made for compaction.

Total Cost Watering cost includes installing either a pump or gravity system to fill the tanker, filling time, and haul. Estimating development of water source If any other work is required such as digging a basin, constructing a large check dam or constructing a spur road, compute these costs by using time and equipment methods. Haul Costs Includes truck and driver time Calculate haul costs from the source to the center of project. Center of project is the center of embankment mass for excavation and linear center of project for base and surfacing.

The figures for ton-mile give the cost for 0. Estimator is cautioned that designs including this section as a separate pay item require additional inspection and control by FS contract administration personnel during construction, coordinate with them when costing for this item. Therefore Figure is given as a starting point for an "average" new construction project. The designer will need to consider the uniqueness of the project and estimate accordingly.

Also consider the amount of vacant no clearing area in relation to the acreage being cleared. Thank you very much for this useful article. I like it. It is our great pleasure to introduce our blog website, engineeringnepal. Powered by Blogger. Cost Estimation of any construction works and projects are very necessary to forecast the probable cost that is to be spent for its completion.

It is also very helpful to identify the different types of expenditures and cost which are categorized in different subdivisions. This helps to minimize the cost and time of completion as well as maximize the work performance and also an appropriate and adequate supply of materials and laborers required for the project.

In Highways, a different subdivision of works are done any Quantity and Cost Estimation of each different Activities or works are done separately which combined as last to get the final Detail Quantity Estimate, Abstract of Cost and Summary of Total Cost.

Breakdown of Simple Road Construction Work is as follows:.